“Nuka-ka”: colonialidade e acessibilidade linguística – análise decolonial da lei orgânica do município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira/Am

Abstract

This dissertation, titled "Nuka-ka": coloniality and linguistic accessibility - a decolonial analysis of the Organic Law of the Municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira/AM, investigates the extent to which the highest municipal norm of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, officially recognized by State Law No. 5,796/2022 as the State Capital of Indigenous Peoples, has absorbed the paradigm of recognition inaugurated by Article 231 of the 1988 Federal Constitution. The research problem emerged from the author's teaching internship, an Indigenous researcher of the Tariana people, in the course Indigenous School Education Legislation, when Indigenous teachers questioned the exclusion of intercultural teacher-training degrees from municipal public examination requirements and identified, within the Organic Law, the persistence of expressions such as "integration of the Indian into the national community." The central hypothesis holds that the formal hierarchy of norms does not, by itself, guarantee a hierarchy of decolonial quality: municipal ordinary laws, drafted in closer proximity to local sociolinguistic reality, may incorporate the constitutional paradigm more faithfully than the Organic Law itself, which should serve as their foundation of validity. Methodologically, the study combines bibliographic and documentary review, comparative normative analysis, and the tools of legistics, particularly the criterion of the three "E's" (efficiency, effectiveness, and efficacy) proposed by Nogueira Júnior (2023), together with the decolonial perspective and the researcher's own positionality. The dissertation is organized into four chapters. The first examines the international framework of Indigenous language policy through ILO Convention 169, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), and the Escazú Agreement. The second traces the diachronic trajectory of Brazilian Constitutions, from 1824 to 1988, demonstrating the historical sedimentation of the "silvícola" (forest-dweller) legal category and the integrationist paradigm. The third develops the concept of linguistic accessibility, distinguishing it from language, tongue, and dialect, and framing it as a fundamental human right. The fourth chapter contextualizes the Municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, home to 23 Indigenous peoples and four co-official languages (Nheengatu, Tukano, Baniwa, and Yanomami), and develops the decolonial analysis of the Organic Law, identifying, in Title VI, introduced by Revision Amendment No. 001/2020 with technical assistance from the Interior Technical Cooperation Center (CCOTI) of the Amazonas State Legislative Assembly, provisions that reproduce, in a manner incompatible with the Federal Constitution, terminology from the 1973 Indian Statute, a phenomenon the dissertation names legal fossil. Through article-by-article analysis, the research demonstrates that more recent municipal ordinary laws, No. 145/2002, No. 084/2017, and, above all, No. 264/2025, incorporate the constitutional paradigm more faithfully than the Organic Law, revealing a normative hierarchical paradox. As a proposed outcome, the dissertation suggests a targeted amendment to Title VI, using Law No. 264/2025 as a drafting parameter already available within the municipal legal order itself, preceded by free, prior, and informed consultation with Indigenous communities, pursuant to ILO Convention 169. It concludes that overcoming normative coloniality in São Gabriel da Cachoeira does not require importing external models, but rather applying the legal instruments and normative example the Municipality has already produced itself.

OHÂ NEEKE’

A’té bu’êke’ ohâke’, a’tîro pisusé niî’: “‘Nuka-ka’: colonialidade e acessibilidade linguística - análise decolonial da Lei Orgânica do Município de São Gabriel da Cachoeira/AM”. Dɨ’pô nɨrɨka’ka no’o’karõ poo-te͂oro du’tirí pu͂ri tii maká kãharo, Lei Estadual n.º 5.796/2022 me’ra Pahirí Po’terikaha Makã nii pisuró, a’ti maka, ã’rá po’teríkãharã niîmana, naâ basi niisehétisehe-re niiátohore niisehé, art. 231 Constituição Federal de 1988 kãhasehe-re, mii wã’kâkere mii sõróo’ti, toó du’tirí pu͂ri pure. Dɨ’pô nɨrɨka’ka ã’kûtisehepe bahuá’kã’pã a’te ohâgɨ bu’egí bu’erí wi’ipɨre apêrã bu’êrãre bu’ê bu’êsetiriterore, po’teríkɨhɨ Paâarã Kuruakɨhɨ, Legislação da Educação Escolar Indígena bu’esehe wa’tero, teé buerã, ɨmɨá tohô niika͂́ numia, se͂rítı͂’ yã’a naâ weeka͂́, de’ró weérã’ tii maka dutirã, po’terikaha bu’ê bu’êsehere, da’rasehé ĩ’yâ bese weesére, ku͂ûtipari niisehé wa’teropɨre. See besékãkapɨre, du’tirí pu͂ri tii maká kãharope’, a’mâ boka nokaro niî’, uúku͂sehe bɨtisehere, po’terikahare bahutíkã weéra͂́ niisehere. A’tîrota niî bosa niî ĩ’yâ besekama du’tirí pu͂ri turiri, bɨkɨturire, uúku͂sehe bɨtisehere, po’terikahare bahutíkã weéra͂́ niisehere, yɨ’rɨ nɨ’ko weé: du’tirí pu͂ri turiri tii makákãhasehe dokâpɨ niisehépe’, Constituição Federal kãhasehere ohâ nemo peó, du’tirí pu͂ri turi tii makákãharo bu’îpɨkãharope’ po’terikahare bahutíkã weéra͂́ niisehepe’re kɨô. De’rô wee bu’esehé basiôro toharôsari niisére, a’té bu’êke’ ohâke’, apêrã ohâke’, du’tirí pu͂ri turiri tii makákãhasehe dokâpɨ niisehé, du’tirí pu͂ri turi tii makákãharo bu’îpɨkãharore ba’pâ keo. Tohô niika͂́, de’ró weé dɨ’pô nɨrɨka’kanore, du’tirí pu͂ri turirire, Nogueira Junior (2023) bu’êse weéke’re, pekâsã bɨkɨturire uúku͂sehe bɨtisehere ãyuró tuú yɨ’rɨosehere, a’te ohâke’ ohagɨ uúku͂sehe, ba’pâ keo no’o. A’té bu’êke’ ohâke’, ba’pâritise ku͂ûke’ niî. Ohâ mɨ’ta no’o a’ti ɨmíkoho pâti põteorore po’terikahare du’tirí pu͂ri turiri niisehere (Convenção 169 da OIT, Declaração das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos dos Povos Indígenas - UNDRIP e Acordo de Escazú), ba’pâ keo no’o. Toó be’rore, pahirí du’tirí pu͂ri turi marîre du’tiró (Constituições brasileiras, de 1824 à de 1988) bahú yõ’o no’o, marî po’terikahare, nɨkîpɨ diákɨhɨ nií bahutirã niima niisehé, tohô niika͂́ po’terikahare bahutíkã weéra͂́ niisehepe’re kɨô. Toó be’rore, ye͂’e nohó niîti ohasehé, uúku͂sehé niî pe’tirã tɨ’ó ye͂’e weesehé, bese weé no’o. Masa kurúpa niî pe’tirã yeé ni’ï niisehêre uúku͂ no’o. Niî tɨorore ohâ pe’o no’o de’ró wa’âro’ weetí São Gabriel da Cachoeira makâre. A’tí makâ wa’teroré 23 masa kurúpa niîsama. Ba’pâritise masa kurúpa uúku͂sehe niîsa’a (Nheengatu, Tukano, Baniwa e Yanomami). Dɨ’pô nɨrɨka’ du’tirí pu͂ri turi tii makákãharo bu’îpɨkãharore (Lei Orgânica). Título VI (Emenda de Revisão n.º 001/2020) a’toré boká no’o. Toó pe’e Centro de Cooperação Técnica do Interior (CCOTI) pisuró, Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Amazonas kaharã iaróre wee tamó no’opã. Neê keoró weetipã. Du’tirí pu͂ri turi yɨ’rîke’ere (Estatuto do Índio 1973 kãharo) kuû no’opã. Teerré we͂rî boa ke’ake doke sõróo no’opã. A’té bu’êke’ ohâke’, bese weé’ tohô niika͂́, yõ’o du’tirí pu͂ri turiri tii makákãhasehe dokâpɨ niisehépe’ (Leis Municipais n.º 145/2002, n.º 084/2017 e n.º 264/2025), ãyuró se’sasehe niísa’ pahirí du’tirí pu͂ri turi marîre du’tiró me’ra. Tohô weéro’ doké bi’tiaro weeróroho niîsa’. Tohô weéro, a’té bu’êke’ ohâke’, teé doké bi’tiaro weeróroho niîsa’ niisehére ohâ apoyá teé keoró weetipã niî bahú yõ’o ke’re, du’tirí pu͂ri turiri tii makákãhasehe dokâpɨ niisehépe’re dɨ’pô nɨrɨrã tɨ’o nɨrírã’wa’âtihara. Meheta niî’, po’terikaharã masa kurúpare naâ uúku͂sehere tɨ’ó, werêkasa’, tuu nɨrɨro mariró, do’osehe mariró, Convenção 169 OIT kãharo weeróroho. Tu’â eha nɨ’kókama, po’terikahare bahutíkã weéra͂́ niisehepe’re doke koãro ɨárowe’e niîrosa’a. Yoarópɨ niisehere miítiro ɨáwe’e. Toó kahasehereta du’tirí pu͂ri turiri tii makákãhasehe dokâpɨ niisehé mii ı͂’yâro niîsa’, apoá wa’a’ maha niiánaha niîra’.