Participação do povo Werekena na elaboração do Plano de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental – PGTA, na Terra Indígena Alto rio Negro – Amazonas

Abstract

With the invasion of Indigenous lands and the processes of European colonization—guided by the logic of “civilizing” and integrating Indigenous peoples into a Eurocentric worldview—there was a loss and occupation of lands, languages, customs, and ancestral culture. This process initiated a historical period of resistance, in which Indigenous peoples fought to exist and to secure the demarcation of their territories. In the Rio Negro region, Indigenous territories were fragmented into colonies and later into 14 Indigenous Lands and 11 National Forests. However, the peoples’ desire was always the demarcation of a single, continuous territory—a conquest achieved through the strong efforts of FOIRN and supported by the Indigenato Law, reaffirming that “we are the first peoples to occupy this land.” This right was finally recognized in Article 231 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, which guarantees the permanent possession and original rights of Indigenous Peoples to their lands, establishing the State’s obligation to demarcate and protect them. After the demarcation, the National Policy for Territorial and Environmental Management of Indigenous Lands (PNGATI) was instituted, based on the Constitution and ILO Convention 169. From this policy emerged the Territorial and Environmental Management Plan (PGTA), created by Decree No. 7,747/2012, requiring all Indigenous Lands to collectively develop management plans addressing land use, cultural and environmental protection, and economic practices. The PGTA of the Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Land is the result of a process initiated in 2014, involving leaders, men, women, and youth, coordinated by FOIRN in partnership with ISA. In this context, the main objective of this research was to analyze the participation of the Werekena people of the Xié River in the construction of the PGTA. The specific objectives were: to understand the PGTA’s elaboration process; analyze conceptions of land and territory; identify perspectives on “Bem Viver” (Good Living) and sustainability; identify sustainable practices within Werekena territory; and highlight local knowledge that contributed (or could contribute) to the PGTA. The research was grounded in Werekena epistemologies, with a collective and intercultural approach, using participatory research methods aligned with the community’s social organization. Bibliographic and documentary reviews were conducted, along with conversation circles and dialogic meetings with teachers, students, chiefs, and leaders from Xié River communities. Although the Werekena have a long history of collective land management, their participation in the PGTA process was limited, as only representatives from the communities were invited. It is argued that participation must be direct, broad, and continuous, including elders, shamans, women, youth, and all families, strengthening autonomy and protagonism in decision-making. Fundamental practices—such as the management of piaçava and traditional agriculture—were not fully incorporated into the proposal developed by the PGTA working group. The study concludes that participatory planning methodologies are essential to ensuring Indigenous protagonism in all stages of the PGTA, valuing the cultural, environmental, and political dimensions of the Werekena people.Usika suiwara kua kariwaita ïdijenaita retama upe, mairame uyumuyã mũdusara uriwa eurupa sui, mame tauputariwa yaiku arã asui yamãduai arama tayawete, yaderdei yane iwi, yane yẽga asui payẽ maã yane kitiwaraita yane ramuyã uxari waita. Asui uyũpiru kua muramuyãsa kariwaita ruxara, yãse ũba taputari taxai takitiwaraita asui tarikusaita. Ape uyukua aite kua Demarkarisa iwi ïdijenaita supe. Kua tetama uikuwa Parana Wasu upu, tawa São Gabriel upe, ae usasa siya isesewara. Upita maye iwi kulunia, arire14 idijena iwita yawe, arire 11 kaaita yawe, maã aïta uputari iwi yepe yũtuwa asui upita arã yawewara. Ape mairame FOIRN umuyã muraki supiwa sesewara upita arama maye uiku waa kuiri, maye uaputariwa yawe. Muramuyãsa yepewasusa kariwaita ruaxara usasawa siya akayu asui kua papera Lei ũbeuwa asui upitasuka waa ïdijenaita rese “ Yãdete ike wara, kuxima suiwara yaiku kua iwi upe’’. 1988 akayu ramë kua yane iwi yumuyã yumakairisa, maye uyeë waa papera Art. 231 upe Papera 1988 rame wara. ũbewa kua iwi yane yara asui aé yawewara kuri yaiku arã kua iwi upe, yãse yãde ike wara kuxima suiwara. Asui yane ruixaira tarikute taumaã asui tamuyãküta yane rese puxuwera waa sui, yaku arã ape ti marese. Arire wara, iwi yudemarkai rirewawa, yane ruixaita umũduwa brazil rese, tumuya amũ papera isese wara kua iwi yudemarkariwa aé isera PNGATI – Kariwa yẽga rupi, ũbeuwa art. 84 upe, asui IV asui VI peyui, asui 169 ũbeuwa payë tetamita mũdu turususa rese, serawa OIT, ae uyũpitasuka kua papera pinimasa 5.051, 19 ara, abril yasi rame wara, akayu 2004 rame. Kua PNGATI suiwara uyukua aite serawa PGTA – Maye yayumukaturu arã yane retama upe. Ae uyũpinimma papera pinimasa uikuwa 7.747, 5 ara, juniu yasi rese, 2012 akayu rame wara. Ae ũbeu muiri iwi uyudemarkariwa urikute uriku papera yũpiniawa asui ũbeuwa isesewara. Kua PGTA parana Wasu yara ipapera upe uyumuyãwa upe, ũbeu isesewara, ae yumuyã siyawa kutarisa, siya yumuatirisa suiwara, mame aikue waa tuixaita, kurumiwasuita, apigawaita, payẽ kuyãita irumu, payẽ mayewa tetama suiwaraita. 2014 akayu rame uyũpiru uyumuyã FOIRN irumu, sui 05 yumuatirisa turusuwaita Tetama upe, asui ISA teyui, ae umaã waa iwi rese wara. Übeuwa resewara kua PGTA aé uyumuyã usemu waa siya suiwara asui payẽ miraita tetama sui, kua muraki sikarisa usikai ukua maita Werekena miraita taikute kua papera uyumuyã rame, asui payẽ aïta taukua pawa isewara. Asui amũ maye takuasa iwi resewara, maye kariwaita umãduari iwi rese; Asui maye Werekenaita tapuraki asui tamuyãküta iwi rese ũba arã upawa maã aikue waa ape; asui maita aikuete Werekenaita ukuasa PGTA papera kuara upe. Kua sikaisa uyumuyã kütarisa rupi, tẽda waita rupi Werekenaita irumu siyasa upe, parana Xié kuara upe, mame aikue, ũbuesaraita, uyũbuesaraita, tuixaita, asui payẽ miraita irumu, mayu asui juniu yasi rese, 2024 akayu ramẽ. Yãse yawe kuxima waraita taumuyã, tayumuatiri takütari arã tamuraki rese. Amuyã sikarisa papera upe, mamẽ übeu PNGATI asui PGTA resewara. Kua Werekena miraita, tariku maye taikusa kuxima taretama upe, maye aïtate tamuyã maita purãga arã taiku taretama upe. Uyii ara, iwasusa aikue maita tapuderi arama takütari tarupite, ti arã amũ takütai tarupi. Yãse siya viaji werekenaita timuyãküta tarese, tuixaita taresarai aïta. PGTA uyumuyã rame yepeyepe tasuiwara usu usëdu isesewara, yãse kua yatirisa yumuyã parana Wasu rupi, ape iwasu upita tasupe. Kuiri, kua yatirisa PGTA rese urikute uyui yumuyã yuiri, mã kũtarisa ae urikute yumuyã Xié upe, tẽdawa yaweyawe rupia sui merupi, ti maã kutarasa rupi. Mame aikue waa paye, tuixa, kuyã, apigawaita asui payẽ tẽdawa yaraita. Aïta araïta arãte tamuyã papera pinimasa maye aïta te uputariwa yawe. Kua muraki yumuyã waa Piasawa asui kupixa rese, ae üba aikue PGTA pinimasa rese, mame übeu maita Werekena tapuraki isese, yãse yã muraki ipupe tarikue muiri ara tarikuesa upe. Aite yã takuasa, urikute uike papera upe, mame ũbeuwa maita asui manugara rese tapuraki arama kua yanerüde kiti. Kua muraki usemu waa siya suiwara ae purãgawa, Irupi yupirai pee, usemu waa siya sui asui tasupe arã teyui. PGTA yupirũgasa sui ate upawasa upe, ukütariwa papera pinimasa upe, Werekena taukuasa rupi iwi rese asui takitiwara resewa yuiri.