Desenvolvimento de granulados contendo extrato aquoso das folhas de Chenopodium ambrosioides para o controle de acantocefalos em Colossoma macropomum (Tambaqui)

Abstract

Fish farming is one of the fastest growing productive activities in the Amazon, representing an important economic and social strategy generating income and food for the region. However, the presence of pathogens has jeopardized the production of fish of one of the most promising species for cultivation in the region, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In an attempt to solve the problem, many producers choose to treat it empirically, causing environmental damage and even the death of fish by intoxication, also being a great risk for the final consumer. Therefore, it is important that new technologies are used in the formulation of products that are effective in controlling pathogens, are highly available, and have a low risk for animals, the environment, and humans. For this reason, interest has grown in using herbal medicines in fish farming, with Chenopodium ambrosioides being a possible therapeutic alternative, due to the plant's ease of growth and because it has been used for a long time in popular medicine, mainly to combat helminths and, or anti-inflammatory purposes. Thus, the present work had the general objective of studying the feasibility of obtaining a product from C. ambrosioides with efficacy and safety, aiming at the control of acanthocephalans in tambaqui. For this, the study was divided into stages, in the first stage, the plant material (aerial parts) was obtained and treated, which was separated from the branches, leaves+fruits for the preparation of extractive solutions (SE) and dry extracts (ESA) at 5 and 10%, in the second stage, the characterization of the plant drug and the derived product was carried out, in the third stage, the in vitro test was carried out to evaluate the tolerance of the tambaqui parasites to the derived products. The fourth stage consisted of obtaining granules made from derivative products. Once the appropriate pharmaceutical form was defined, the fifth stage was carried out, with the in vivo efficacy test (fish) and the effects of C. ambrosioides bioactives on the physiology of tambaqui juveniles, as well as the effectiveness in controlling pathogens and the possible changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the water, which was monitored throughout the experiment. The entire study was based on statistical tools in order to validate the techniques of the originated product. The results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain mastruz-derived granules, without them disintegrating in the middle, presenting buoyancy, facilitating the observation of ingestion by the animals and allowing the possible collection of leftovers without harming the environment; the granules offered to the fish did not interfere with the homeostasis of the animals, nor with the water parameters, they are effective both in vitro and in vivo with an offer of 3 and 5 days in the control of tambaqui acanthocephalans, with the best result being the granules containing 10% ESA . It is necessary to continue with studies to improve the product, safety and definition as a therapeutic protocol for the treatment of acanthocephalosis to be used in fish farming.